MBTI Cognitive Functions: The Hidden Codes behind your MBTI Personality

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MBTI Cognitive Functions

Have you ever wondered what lies beneath the surface of your unique personality?

Why do some people thrive in social situations, while others prefer the solitude of their own thoughts? Why do certain individuals rely on logic and analysis, while others trust their intuition and gut feelings?

The answers to these questions lie in the fascinating world of MBTI Cognitive Functions.

MBTI Personality Test finds its roots in the pioneering work of Carl Jung on Psychological Types.

Jung’s groundbreaking theories explored the depths of human psychology, identifying how individuals perceive, process, and make sense of the world around them. Cognitive Functions are at the heart of Jung’s work on Psychological Types.

Hence, beyond the popular four-letter MBTI types, such as INFJ, INTJ, INFP, ESFP, or ENFP, there lies this deeper framework of Cognitive Functions that provides valuable insights into the way our minds work.

Learn how Extroversion is not simply Extroversion, but Extroverted Thinking (Te) or Extroverted Feeling (Fe) or Extroverted Sensing (Se) or Extroverted Intuition (Ne). Learn how Feelings are divided into Extroverted Feeling (Fe) and Introverted Feeling (Fi).

Personal experience often serves as a catalyst for diving deeper into the complexities of personality, and I can attest to this firsthand.

When I first discovered my MBTI type and was labeled as an INTJ, I felt a sense of identification and validation.

However, for years, I remained oblivious to the nuances that differentiate the cognitive functions at play within my mind—Ni (Introverted Intuition) versus Ne (Extraverted Intuition), Te (Extraverted Thinking) versus Ti (Introverted Thinking).

Understanding the distinctions between Ni and Ne, Te and Ti, provided a deeper insight into my own thinking patterns, decision-making processes, and problem-solving approaches.

Join me in unlocking the mysteries of your mind and shed light on the profound influence of cognitive functions in shaping who you are.

What do your MBTI Letters mean?

MBTI classifies individuals into 16 distinct personality types, each represented by a unique combination of four dichotomies. These are:

  1. Extraversion (E) Vs Introversion (I): Describes an individual’s preferred orientation for drawing energy, either from the external world or their internal world of thoughts and reflections.
  2. Sensing (S) Vs Intuition (N): Represents an individual’s preference for gathering and processing information through concrete details and present facts (Sensing) or through patterns, possibilities, and future implications (Intuition).
  3. Thinking (T) Vs Feeling (F): Reflects an individual’s preferred way of making decisions, either through objective analysis, logic, and consistency (Thinking) or by considering personal values, emotions, and the impact on others (Feeling).
  4. Judging (J) Vs Perceiving (P): Indicates an individual’s orientation toward the external world and how they approach tasks and structure their lives. Judging types prefer order, planning, and decisiveness, while Perceiving types are more flexible, spontaneous, and open-ended.

Carl Jung’s Psychological Theory serves as the foundation for the above MBTI (Myers-Briggs Type Indicator) framework. Jung’s theory provides profound insights into the workings of the human mind and the development of personality.

In his book ‘Psychological Types’, Jung emphasized that individuals have distinct preferences in how they perceive and interpret the world.

The first type difference that Jung identified was that of the Introversion(I) Vs Extroversion(E). This forms the First Letter in the MBTI typology which is either I or E.

What does E and I mean in MBTI?

The “E” and “I” dichotomy describes an individual’s preference for either Extraversion (E) or Introversion (I) in their energy orientation and how they interact with the world.

As per Jung, Extraversion (E) refers to a preference for directing energy outward toward the external world of people, objects, and activities.

On the other hand, Introversion (I) refers to a preference for directing energy inward, focusing on one’s internal world of thoughts, ideas, and reflections.

It’s important to note that, over the years, the terms Extraversion and Introversion in everyday usage have started to differ from their initial descriptions given by Jung.

As per Jung and in MBTI, Extraversion does not mean being extremely outgoing or talkative, nor does Introversion imply being shy or unsociable. Instead, they refer to an individual’s preferred orientation for where they draw their energy from and how they engage with the world.

What does J and P mean in MBTI?

While studying people, Jung observed that simply dividing people into Extroverts and Introverts does not explain all the differences in personalities of the people.

To explain this additional variation in personalities, Jung developed his Cognitive Function Model – that he published in his book Psychological Types.

In his book, Jung had labelled this model as the Psychological Functions. But in modern terms we prefer to call it as Cognitive Functions.

Brain Cognition refers to the mental processes and abilities related to acquiring, processing, storing, and using information. Cognition encompasses a wide range of cognitive functions, including perception, attention, memory, language, problem-solving, decision-making, and reasoning.

As per the MBTI Cognitive Function model, Jung hypothesised that brains of individuals undertake two primary cognitive activities. These are:

  1. Perceiving(P):  Brains take in external information and
  2. Judging(J): Brains decide what to do with this information

These become the 4th Letter in the MBTI which is either “J” or “P”.

This “J” and “P” dichotomy in MBTI describes an individual’s preference for the above Perceiving (P) or Judging (J) orientations.

The Perceiving (P) preference reflects a flexible and adaptive approach to the external world.

Individuals with a Perceiving preference tend to be open-ended, spontaneous, and inclined to explore various options and possibilities before making decisions. They often enjoy flexibility, adaptability, and prefer to keep their options open.

Perceivers are comfortable with ambiguity and tend to be more relaxed and go-with-the-flow in their day-to-day lives.

On the other hand, the Judging (J) preference reflects a more structured and decisive approach to the external world.

Individuals with a Judging preference tend to value organization, order, and closure. They prefer to plan, make decisions, and reach conclusions in a timely manner. Judgers appreciate structure, predictability, and tend to be more goal-oriented and decisive.

It is important to note that the Perceiving and Judging preference in the MBTI framework does not correlate directly to the common usage of these terms in everyday language. It does not imply being perceptive or judgmental in the conventional sense.

Instead, it refers to an individual’s preferred orientation toward the external world and their decision-making style.

Going back to Jung, Jung further divided Perceiving and Judging into their specific variations. These variations are:

  1. Perceiving can be broken into:
    1. Sensation(S) – Human Brains are responsive to sensory stimuli, identifying what is out there
    1. Intuition(N) – Human Brains understand the meaning of sensory stimulus, identifying how the stimulus is related to everything else

This becomes the 2nd Letter in MBTI which is either S (Sensation) or N (iNtution) and is called as the Perceiving Orientation.

  • Judging can be broken into:
    • Feeling(F) – Human Brains judge what the stimulus Feels to them in terms of how the brains values it
    • Thinking(T) – Human Brains decide what action to do and how to do it

These two variations form the 3rd Letter in MBTI which is either F(Feeling) or T(Thinking) and is called as the Judging Orientation.

Jung called Sensing, Intuition, Feeling and Thinking as the four Cognitive Functions.

Jung realised that the Personality of a person is formed when the brain of a person starts showing a habitual preference for one of these four Cognitive Functions.

Hence, a Thinker is a person whose Brain prefers Thinking over the other Cognitive Functions. These are called as the Thinking Types.

A Sensor is a person who prefers the concrete sensations of the world over other brain cognitive functions. These are called as the Sensing types.

Combining the Introversion and Extroversion dimension with these four cognitive functions gives the Jungian eight cognitive functions model.

Hence, the Thinking types are either Introverted Thinking Type or Extroverted Thinking Type. The Intuitive types are either Introverted Intuitive Types or they are Extroverted Intuitive Types.

Let’s now look more closely at these variations.

What does S and N mean in MBTI?

“S” and “N” is the Perceiving Orientation Dichotomy in MBTI. This dichotomy describes an individual’s preference for either Sensing (S) or Intuition (N) in how they gather and process information.

Sensing (S) refers to a preference for perceiving information through the five senses and focusing on concrete, specific details in the present moment.

Individuals with a Sensing preference tend to be practical, observant, and rely on direct sensory experiences. They are often attentive to facts, data, and what is physically present in their surroundings.

Intuition (N), on the other hand, refers to a preference for perceiving information through patterns, possibilities, and abstract concepts beyond the immediate sensory experience.

Individuals with an Intuition preference tend to be imaginative, future-oriented, and rely on their intuition and insights. They often look for underlying meanings, potential outcomes, and connections between ideas.

It’s important to note that the Sensing and Intuition preferences in the MBTI framework do not correlate directly to sensory acuity or imagination.

Sensing does not imply having heightened senses or being uncreative, nor does Intuition imply having psychic abilities or being detached from reality. Instead, they describe an individual’s preferred way of perceiving and processing information.

As mentioned above, the E-I dichotomy is used to break the above S-N dichotomy into its constituent Cognitive Functions. These are:

  1. Extroverted Sensing (Se) & Introverted Sensing (Si)
  2. Extroverted Intuition (Ne) & Extroverted Intuition (Ni)

What does T and F mean in MBTI?

“T” and “F” is the Judging Orientation Dichotomy in MBTI. This dichotomy describes an individual’s preference for either Thinking (T) or Feeling (F) in their decision-making and how they evaluate information.

Thinking (T) refers to a preference for making decisions based on objective analysis, logic, and consistency.

Individuals with a Thinking preference tend to prioritize facts, evidence, and logical reasoning when evaluating situations and making choices. They strive for fairness, objectivity, and efficiency in their decision-making process.

Feeling (F), on the other hand, refers to a preference for making decisions based on personal values, empathy, and consideration of the impact on others.

Individuals with a Feeling preference tend to prioritize harmony, compassion, and the needs of individuals involved when evaluating situations and making choices. They strive for authenticity, empathy, and maintaining positive relationships.

It’s important to note that the Thinking and Feeling preferences in the MBTI framework do not correlate directly to intelligence or emotions.

Thinking does not imply being unemotional or lacking empathy, nor does Feeling imply being overly emotional or irrational. Instead, they describe an individual’s preferred way of evaluating information and making decisions.

As mentioned above, the E-I dichotomy is used to break the above S-N dichotomy into its constituent Cognitive Functions. These are:

  • Extroverted Thinking (Te) & Introverted Thinking (Ti)
  • Extroverted Feeling (Fe) & Extroverted Feeling (Fi)

Relationship between MBTI Letters and MBTI Cognitive Functions

As per Jung, brains in individuals become over-reliant on one of these eight Cognitive Functions. This becomes the Dominant Cognitive Function for the individuals and this function shapes the personality of most individuals.

Brains are Complex Adaptive Systems. Personality Development is a form of Self Organization that happens on its own due to various factors.

The dominant function takes precedence in decision-making and influences how individuals approach various aspects of their lives.

When these imbalances become extreme, this may lead to psychological problems.

Jung’s book Psychological Types was about the identification of the psychological problems. Hence, in his book, Jung described only the Eight extreme personalities which become highly dependent on one of the eight Cognitive Functions.

The imbalances of the Dominant function are balanced by a secondary cognitive process which is termed as the Auxiliary Cognitive Function.

Meyer’s and Briggs, while extending the Jungian Psychological Type Framework to general population, hypothesized that balanced personalities make use of the Dominant Function which is supported by another function called as the Auxiliary Function.

The Auxiliary Function provides additional capabilities and balances the dominant function by offering a different perspective or mode of operation.

The auxiliary function supports and enhances the dominant function, contributing to a more well-rounded cognitive approach.

As per Meyers & Briggs, this auxiliary function has a certain fixed relation with the Dominant Function in the sense that it balances the Dominant Function. This balance is achieved by being opposing to the Dominant Function.

Hence, if the Dominant Function is a Judging Function (i.e. either Thinking of Feeling), then the Auxiliary Function becomes a Perceiving Function (i.e. either Sensing or Intuition) and vice versa.

Moreover, if the Dominant Function is Extroverted, then the Auxiliary Function becomes Introverted and vice versa.

Hence an Extroverted Feeling Type will be supported by either an introverted Sensing or an introverted Intuition. Hence each of the eight types can be supported by their opposing auxiliary function.

This helps to convert Jung’s Eight Psychological Types to MBTI’s Sixteen Personality Types.

When coding the MBTI Letters, Meyers and Briggs used the fourth Letter (P or J) to indicate how a particular personality deals with the external world.

Hence, a two-step process is required to transform the fourth letter so as to identify which is the Dominant Function and which is the Auxiliary Function. This is as follows:

  1. First identify the Introvert/Extrovert orientation of the Dominant Function through the letters E or I.
    1. Person is Extroverted: When the Dominant Function is Extroverted, then the Dominant Function is used to deal with the External world. Hence, the P/J preference indicates the Dominant Function of the Extroverts.
    1. Person is Introverted: On the other hand, when the Dominant Function is Introverted, then the Auxiliary Function is used to deal with the External world. Hence, the P/J function indicates the Auxiliary Function.
  2. Use the P/J orientation (4th Letter) to find which of the Perceiving or Judging function is the Dominant function or Auxiliary functionas follows:
    1. Person is Extroverted: If the person is J (Judging Type), then the Judging Orientation (3rd Letter) indicates the Dominant Function and the Perceiving Orientation (2nd Letter) indicates the Auxiliary Function. On the other hand, if the person is P (Perceiving Type), then the Perceiving Orientation (2nd Letter) indicates the Dominant Function and the Judging Orientation (3rd Letter) indicates the Auxiliary Function.
    1. Person is Introverted: If the person is J (Judging Type), then the Judging Orientation (3rd Letter) indicates the Auxiliary Function and the Perceiving Orientation (2nd Letter) indicates the Dominant Function. On the other hand, if the person is P (Perceiving Type), then the Perceiving Orientation (2nd Letter) indicates the Auxiliary Function and the Judging Orientation (3rd Letter) indicates the Dominant Function.

As an example, consider the two MBTI personality types – ENTJ and INTJ. These are classified as follows:

  1. ENTJ – The 1st letter ‘E’ indicates that the Dominant Function is Extroverted. Hence, the Dominant Function is used to deal with the external world. The 4th letter ‘J’ indicates that ENTJ’s have Judging preference. Hence, the Judging preference which is the 3rd letter is the Dominant Function. This is ‘T’ (Thinking) – hence the Dominant Function of ENTJ’s is Extroverted Thinking. The Auxiliary Function is indicated by the Perceiving Function. This is ‘N’ (Intuition). And since the Dominant function is Extroverted, hence the Auxiliary function is Introverted. Hence, ENTJ’s Auxiliary Function is Introverted Intuition (Ni). Hence, ENTJ’s are labelled as TeNi.
  2. INTJ – The 1st letter ‘I’ indicates that the Dominant function is Introverted. Hence, the P/J preference which is ‘J’ indicates that the Judging orientation (which is ‘T’) is the Auxiliary function and it is extroverted. Hence, the Perceiving orientation (which is ‘N’) is the Dominant Function and it is introverted. Hence, the INTJ’s are labelled as NiTe.

The above two-step process is the most confusing aspect of converting MBTI letter code into their Cognitive Function preferences. To simplify, in the next section the MBTI conversion for all the 16 MBTI types is presented.

Overview of MBTI Cognitive Functions

There are Eight Cognitive Functions as given in Carl Jung’s book “Psychological Types” on which the MBTI personality test is based. These MBTI Cognitive Functions are:

MBTI Cognitive FunctionPersonality CharacteristicsMBTI Personality with Dominant Cognitive FunctionMBTI Personality with Auxiliary Cognitive Function
Extraverted Thinking (Te)Logical, objective, focused on efficiency and organizationENTJ (TeNi), ESTJ (TeSi)INTJ (NiTe), ISTJ (SiTe)
Introverted Thinking (Ti)Analytical, critical, seeks precision and accuracyINTP (TiNe), ISTP (TiSe)ENTP (NeTi), ESTP (SeTi)
Extraverted Feeling (Fe)Empathetic, harmonious, values social connections and harmonyENFJ (FeNi), ESFJ (FeSi)INFJ (NiFe), ISFJ (SiFe)
Introverted Feeling (Fi)Authentic, values-based, focuses on personal values and ethicsINFP (FiNe), ISFP (FiSe)ENFP (NeFi), ESFP (SeFi)
Extraverted Sensing (Se)Observant, present-oriented, responsive to sensory stimuliESFP (SeFi), ESTP (SeTi)ISFP (FiSe), ISTP (TiSe)
Introverted Sensing (Si)Detail-oriented, reliable, relies on past experiencesISFJ (SiFe), ISTJ (SiTe)ESFJ (FeSi), ESTJ (TeSi)
Extraverted Intuition (Ne)Imaginative, sees possibilities, explores alternative perspectivesENFP (NeFi), ENTP (NeTi)INFP (FiNe), INTP (TiNe)
Introverted Intuition (Ni)Insightful, visionary, sees underlying patterns and future implicationsINFJ (NiFe), INTJ (NiTe)ENFJ (FeNi), ENTJ (TeNi)
MBTI Cognitive Functions Chart

For jumping to personality development guides for other MBTI personality types use the following table:

NT (Rationals) Cognitive FunctionsNF (Idealists) Cognitive FunctionsSJ (Guardians) Cognitive FunctionsSP (Artisans) Cognitive Functions
INTJ Cognitive FunctionsINFJ Cognitive FunctionsISTJ Cognitive FunctionsISTP Cognitive Functions
INTP Cognitive FunctionsINFP Cognitive FunctionsISFJ Cognitive FunctionsISFP Cognitive Functions
ENTJ Cognitive FunctionsENFJ Cognitive FunctionsESFJ Cognitive FunctionsESFP Cognitive Functions
ENTP Cognitive FunctionsENFP Cognitive FunctionsESTJ Cognitive FunctionsESTP Cognitive Functions
MBTI Cognitive Functions Personality Development Guide for each MBTI Personality

Now let’s cover each of these MBTI Cognitive Functions in detail.

Extroverted Sensing (Se) – MBTI Cognitive Function

Extroverted Sensing (Se) is one of the eight cognitive functions in the MBTI framework. Following are its properties, along with its advantages and disadvantages:

Properties of Extroverted Sensing (Se):

  • Orientation: Extroverted
  • Function: Sensing (Observation of the external world, taking in sensory information)
  • Focus: Present moment, concrete details, immediate sensory experiences
  • Key Characteristics: Observant, spontaneous, action-oriented, aware of surroundings, responsive to sensory stimuli, focused on the here and now, seeks new experiences and sensations

Advantages of Extroverted Sensing (Se):

  1. Awareness of the Present: Se users have a heightened awareness of their immediate environment and the sensory details within it. They are highly attuned to the present moment, noticing and appreciating the richness of their surroundings.
  2. Alertness and Responsiveness: Se users excel at being alert and responsive to changes in their environment. They have a keen ability to notice details, making them quick to react and adapt to unexpected situations. This can be advantageous in dynamic or fast-paced environments.
  3. Realistic and Hands-on Approach: Se users have a practical and hands-on approach to problem-solving. They prefer to engage with their surroundings directly, relying on tangible information and experiences to inform their decisions and actions.
  4. Seizing Opportunities: Se users are often opportunistic, readily recognizing and seizing opportunities that arise in their environment. They have a knack for taking advantage of the present moment, making spontaneous decisions, and engaging in new experiences.

Disadvantages of Extroverted Sensing (Se):

  1. Impulsivity and Risk-taking: Se users may be prone to acting impulsively and taking risks without considering long-term consequences. Their strong desire for immediate sensory experiences can lead to impulsive decision-making, potentially disregarding future implications.
  2. Sensation-seeking Behavior: Due to their affinity for novel experiences and sensory stimulation, Se users may engage in excessive sensation-seeking behavior. They may have a tendency to prioritize immediate gratification, which can negatively impact their well-being or long-term goals.
  3. Difficulty with Planning and Foresight: The focus on the present moment can make it challenging for Se users to plan for the future or consider long-term strategies. They may struggle with patience and may prefer to live in the moment rather than engaging in long-term planning or delayed gratification.
  4. Discomfort with Routine or Repetition: Se users may become restless or bored when faced with routine or repetitive tasks. They thrive on variety and stimulation, so they may struggle in environments that lack novelty or fail to provide continuous new experiences.

It’s important to note that these advantages and disadvantages are general tendencies associated with Extroverted Sensing as a cognitive function. Each individual’s personality type and unique combination of functions will influence how Extroverted Sensing manifests in their behavior and preferences.

Introverted Sensing (Si) – MBTI Cognitive Function

Introverted Sensing (Si) is one of the eight cognitive functions in the MBTI framework. Here are its properties, along with its advantages and disadvantages:

Properties of Introverted Sensing (Si):

  • Orientation: Introverted
  • Function: Sensing (Observation of internal sensory information and memories)
  • Focus: Past experiences, personal impressions, detailed recall, internal sensations
  • Key Characteristics: Reflective, attentive to details, memory-oriented, focused on personal experiences, values tradition and familiarity, seeks stability and continuity

Advantages of Introverted Sensing (Si):

  1. Strong Memory Recall: Si users have a strong ability to recall and remember details from past experiences. They can access a wealth of internal sensory information and memories, which allows them to draw upon past knowledge and experiences when making decisions or evaluating situations.
  2. Attention to Detail: Si users are highly attentive to details and often have a keen eye for accuracy. They can quickly notice discrepancies or inconsistencies and have a natural inclination to ensure things are in order and conform to established standards.
  3. Appreciation for Tradition: Si users tend to value tradition, routine, and established practices. They find comfort and stability in familiar environments and may have a strong sense of nostalgia. They can contribute to maintaining continuity and preserving customs or rituals.
  4. Practical Application of Knowledge: Si users often excel at applying their past experiences and knowledge to practical situations. They are skilled at utilizing proven methods and techniques, drawing on what has worked in the past to find effective solutions in the present.

Disadvantages of Introverted Sensing (Si):

  1. Resistance to Change: Due to their strong attachment to tradition and familiarity, Si users may be resistant to change or find it challenging to adapt to new situations. They may prefer to stick to established routines and may be hesitant to embrace unfamiliar or innovative approaches.
  2. Reliance on Past Experiences: Si users may rely heavily on past experiences and patterns, potentially limiting their ability to consider new possibilities or alternative perspectives. They may be more comfortable relying on what has worked before rather than exploring new ideas or approaches.
  3. Tendency to Overemphasize Details: Si users’ attention to detail can sometimes result in a hyperfocus on minor details, which may cause them to lose sight of the bigger picture. They may become overly preoccupied with small nuances or intricacies, potentially hindering their ability to see the broader context.
  4. Difficulty with Spontaneity: Si users may find spontaneous or unplanned situations challenging. They prefer structure and predictability, so unexpected changes or disruptions may cause them stress or discomfort. They may require time to process and adjust to new circumstances.

It’s important to note that these advantages and disadvantages are general tendencies associated with Introverted Sensing as a cognitive function. The unique combination of an individual’s personality type and their overall development will influence how Introverted Sensing manifests in their behavior and preferences.

Extroverted Intuition (Ne) – MBTI Cognitive Function

Extroverted Intuition (Ne) is one of the eight cognitive functions in the MBTI framework. Here are its properties, along with its advantages and disadvantages:

Properties of Extroverted Intuition (Ne):

  • Orientation: Extroverted
  • Function: Intuition (Perceiving patterns, possibilities, and connections)
  • Focus: External world, abstract concepts, future possibilities, patterns and trends
  • Key Characteristics: Imaginative, curious, open-minded, pattern-seeking, generates multiple ideas, explores possibilities

Advantages of Extroverted Intuition (Ne):

  1. Creativity and Idea Generation: Ne users are highly imaginative and excel at generating a wide range of ideas and possibilities. They can see connections between seemingly unrelated concepts, which allows them to come up with innovative and original solutions.
  2. Big Picture Thinking: Ne users have a natural inclination to see the bigger picture and look beyond the immediate details. They can identify patterns, trends, and potential future outcomes, enabling them to make strategic decisions and anticipate possibilities.
  3. Open-mindedness and Adaptability: Ne users are typically open-minded and receptive to new ideas and perspectives. They enjoy exploring different possibilities and are often flexible and adaptable in their thinking. They are willing to consider alternative viewpoints and embrace change.
  4. Exploration and Curiosity: Ne users have a strong sense of curiosity and a desire to explore new avenues. They enjoy gathering information from various sources, seeking out novel experiences, and engaging in intellectual or creative pursuits. This curiosity fuels their continuous learning and growth.

Disadvantages of Extroverted Intuition (Ne):

  1. Get Overwhelmed and Lack of Focus: Due to the abundance of ideas and possibilities, Ne users may sometimes struggle with overwhelm and a lack of focus. They may have difficulty narrowing down options or making decisions, as they are constantly drawn to explore new avenues.
  2. Unrealistic Expectations: Ne users may have a tendency to generate so many possibilities that they may lose touch with practicality or feasibility. They can become enamored with idealized visions or grand plans without fully considering the practical steps required to achieve them.
  3. Dislike of Routine and Repetition: Ne users may become bored or restless when faced with routine or repetitive tasks. They thrive on variety and novelty, and may struggle in environments that lack stimulation or fail to provide continuous intellectual or creative challenges.
  4. Difficulty with Implementation: While Ne users excel at idea generation, they may encounter challenges when it comes to implementation and follow-through. They may become easily distracted by new possibilities and struggle to bring their ideas to fruition.

It’s important to note that these advantages and disadvantages are general tendencies associated with Extroverted Intuition as a cognitive function. The unique combination of an individual’s personality type and their overall development will influence how Extroverted Intuition manifests in their behavior and preferences.

Introverted Intuition (Ni) – MBTI Cognitive Function

Introverted Intuition (Ni) is one of the eight cognitive functions in the MBTI framework. Here are its properties, along with its advantages and disadvantages:

Properties of Introverted Intuition (Ni):

  • Orientation: Introverted
  • Function: Intuition (Perceiving patterns, possibilities, and connections)
  • Focus: Internal world, abstract concepts, underlying meanings, future implications
  • Key Characteristics: Insightful, visionary, synthesizes information, anticipates future outcomes, seeks deeper meaning

Advantages of Introverted Intuition (Ni):

  1. Deep Insight and Vision: Ni users possess a deep insight into the underlying meanings and implications of information. They have a natural ability to see connections and patterns that others may overlook, allowing them to develop a broader perspective and envision future possibilities.
  2. Strategic Thinking: Ni users excel at strategic thinking and planning. They can anticipate potential outcomes and consider long-term implications. Their ability to synthesize information and identify core principles enables them to develop comprehensive strategies and make informed decisions.
  3. Focus and Determination: Ni users often have a strong sense of focus and determination when pursuing their goals. They can maintain a clear vision of what they want to achieve and work steadily towards it, even in the face of obstacles or challenges.
  4. Uncovering Hidden Meaning: Ni users have an innate ability to uncover hidden meanings and explore the depths of ideas or concepts. They are often drawn to philosophical or metaphysical subjects, seeking to understand the underlying truths and the interconnectedness of knowledge.

Disadvantages of Introverted Intuition (Ni):

  1. Overreliance on Intuition: Due to their strong preference for intuition, Ni users may sometimes rely too heavily on their internal insights and impressions. They may neglect to gather sufficient concrete evidence or consider alternative perspectives, which can lead to biased or incomplete conclusions.
  2. Difficulty in Expressing Insights: Ni users may struggle to articulate their complex insights or visions in a way that is easily understood by others. Their thoughts and ideas may be abstract or hard to put into words, which can make effective communication a challenge.
  3. Overwhelm and Isolation: The depth of thinking and constant introspection of Ni users can sometimes lead to feelings of overwhelm or isolation. They may find it challenging to switch off their intense thought processes and may feel misunderstood or disconnected from those who do not share their perspective.
  4. Overthinking and Analysis Paralysis: Ni users may be prone to overthinking and getting caught in a loop of analyzing possibilities and potential outcomes. This can lead to indecisiveness or a hesitancy to take action, as they strive for certainty and seek to avoid making mistakes.

It’s important to note that these advantages and disadvantages are general tendencies associated with Introverted Intuition as a cognitive function. The unique combination of an individual’s personality type and their overall development will influence how Introverted Intuition manifests in their behavior and preferences.

Extroverted Thinking (Te) – MBTI Cognitive Function

Extroverted Thinking (Te) is one of the eight cognitive functions in the MBTI framework. The following are its properties, along with its advantages and disadvantages:

Properties of Extroverted Thinking (Te):

  • Orientation: Extroverted
  • Function: Thinking (Logical analysis, objective decision-making)
  • Focus: External world, objective data, efficiency, organization, structure
  • Key Characteristics: Logical, analytical, objective, systematic, results-oriented, focused on external reality, seeks efficiency, values organization and structure

Advantages of Extroverted Thinking (Te):

  1. Efficient Decision-making: Te users excel at analysing data and information objectively, allowing them to make efficient and logical decisions. They are skilled at organizing information, identifying patterns, and creating effective systems and processes.
  2. Objective Problem-solving: Te users prioritize objectivity and tend to rely on empirical evidence and logical reasoning to solve problems. They can detach themselves from personal biases and emotions, which enables them to approach challenges from a rational standpoint.
  3. Strategic Planning: Te users are often skilled at strategic planning and goal-setting. They have a knack for organizing resources, setting timelines, and establishing clear objectives. Their ability to create structured plans contributes to their success in achieving desired outcomes.
  4. Efficiency and Productivity: With their focus on efficiency, Te users are typically adept at managing time, resources, and tasks. They have a natural inclination to streamline processes, eliminate inefficiencies, and maximize productivity.

Disadvantages of Extroverted Thinking (Te):

  1. Impersonal Approach: Te users may prioritize logic and efficiency over personal considerations, sometimes leading to a lack of empathy or disregard for individual needs and emotions. They may come across as overly objective or detached, which can strain interpersonal relationships.
  2. Rigidity and Inflexibility: Due to their emphasis on structure and organization, Te users can become rigid in their thinking and resistant to change. They may struggle to adapt to new or unconventional ideas that deviate from established systems or procedures.
  3. Overemphasis on External Validation: Te users may rely heavily on external validation and tangible outcomes to measure success. This can result in a constant drive for achievement and an overemphasis on external recognition, potentially leading to burnout or neglecting personal well-being.
  4. Difficulty with Subjectivity: The objective nature of Te may make it challenging for users to navigate subjective or ambiguous situations. They may struggle with understanding or valuing subjective experiences, emotions, or perspectives that cannot be easily measured or quantified.

It’s important to remember that these advantages and disadvantages are general tendencies associated with Extroverted Thinking as a cognitive function. The MBTI framework recognizes that individuals have a unique combination of functions, and their overall personality type and development also influence how these functions manifest.

Introverted Thinking (Ti) – MBTI Cognitive Function

Introverted Thinking (Ti) is one of the eight cognitive functions in the MBTI framework. Here are its properties, along with its advantages and disadvantages:

Properties of Introverted Thinking (Ti):

  • Orientation: Introverted
  • Function: Thinking (Analyzing, categorizing, and evaluating information)
  • Focus: Internal logic, understanding systems, objective analysis, precision
  • Key Characteristics: Critical thinking, independent reasoning, emphasis on accuracy, seeks to understand underlying principles and structure

Advantages of Introverted Thinking (Ti):

  1. Analytical and Logical Reasoning: Ti users excel at analytical thinking and logical reasoning. They have a natural inclination to break down complex concepts or problems into their constituent parts and analyze them systematically. This allows them to identify underlying principles and understand the logical structure of information.
  2. Objective Evaluation: Ti users strive for objectivity in their analysis and decision-making. They seek to minimize personal biases and rely on evidence and rationality to form their judgments. This objectivity helps them approach problems in a fair and unbiased manner.
  3. Precision and Clarity: Ti users value precision and clarity in their thinking and communication. They have a knack for articulating complex ideas with precision, using clear and concise language. They are often adept at creating well-defined systems or models to represent their understanding.
  4. Problem-solving and Innovation: Ti users are skilled problem solvers. They enjoy the challenge of finding creative solutions by applying their analytical thinking and logical deductions. They can identify flaws in existing systems or processes and propose innovative alternatives.

Disadvantages of Introverted Thinking (Ti):

  1. Overemphasis on Rationality: Ti users may sometimes prioritize rationality and logic to the point of neglecting or undervaluing other important factors, such as emotions or social considerations. This can lead to a lack of empathy or difficulty understanding subjective experiences.
  2. Perfectionistic Tendencies: Due to their emphasis on accuracy and precision, Ti users may be prone to perfectionism. They may spend excessive time fine-tuning their ideas or analyzing details, which can hinder progress or cause them to become overly critical of themselves and others.
  3. Difficulty with Ambiguity: Ti users may struggle with situations that involve ambiguity or multiple interpretations. They prefer clear definitions and well-defined concepts, and may become frustrated or indecisive when faced with uncertainty or complexity.
  4. Limited Subjectivity: Ti users may find it challenging to express or understand subjective experiences that cannot be easily quantified or analyzed. They may struggle to empathize with others’ emotional perspectives or personal values that do not align with their own logical framework.

It’s important to note that these advantages and disadvantages are general tendencies associated with Introverted Thinking as a cognitive function. The unique combination of an individual’s personality type and their overall development will influence how Introverted Thinking manifests in their behavior and preferences.

Extroverted Feeling (Fe) – MBTI Cognitive Function

Extroverted Feeling (Fe) is one of the eight cognitive functions in the MBTI framework. Here are its properties, along with its advantages and disadvantages:

Properties of Extroverted Feeling (Fe):

  • Orientation: Extroverted
  • Function: Feeling (Assessing and evaluating emotions and values)
  • Focus: External harmony, social dynamics, interpersonal connections, collective values
  • Key Characteristics: Empathetic, socially aware, values-based decision-making, seeks harmony and consensus

Advantages of Extroverted Feeling (Fe):

  1. Empathy and Interpersonal Skills: Fe users have a natural ability to understand and empathize with the emotions and perspectives of others. They are skilled at creating harmonious relationships and fostering a positive social atmosphere. They often excel in roles that involve collaboration and teamwork.
  2. Social Awareness: Fe users are highly attuned to social dynamics and the needs of others. They can sense the emotional atmosphere in a group and are adept at adjusting their behavior to maintain harmony and meet the collective needs. They are often skilled at mediating conflicts and promoting inclusivity.
  3. Value-Based Decision-Making: Fe users make decisions based on their understanding of shared values and the impact on the collective. They prioritize the well-being of others and seek to create positive outcomes that align with societal norms and expectations. They often have a strong sense of ethics and a desire for fairness and justice.
  4. Diplomacy and Conflict Resolution: Fe users are skilled in handling conflicts and disagreements in a diplomatic manner. They strive to find common ground and resolve disputes in a way that maintains relationships and promotes cooperation. They are adept at considering multiple perspectives and finding compromises.

Disadvantages of Extroverted Feeling (Fe):

  1. Self-Neglect: Due to their focus on meeting the needs of others, Fe users may sometimes neglect their own personal needs and emotions. They can prioritize harmony and the feelings of others to the point of disregarding their own well-being, which can lead to emotional exhaustion or a lack of self-care.
  2. Difficulty Setting Boundaries: Fe users may struggle with setting and enforcing personal boundaries. They may be inclined to prioritize the needs of others over their own, which can result in a sense of being overwhelmed or taken advantage of. They may have difficulty saying “no” or asserting their own preferences.
  3. Emotional Contagion: Fe users can be highly influenced by the emotions of those around them. They may absorb and mirror the feelings of others, which can lead to emotional overwhelm or a loss of personal identity. They may struggle to differentiate their own emotions from those of others.
  4. Conflict Avoidance: Fe users may have a strong aversion to conflict and may go to great lengths to avoid or minimize it. While this can be beneficial in maintaining harmony, it can also lead to avoidance of necessary discussions or the suppression of personal concerns and disagreements.

It’s important to note that these advantages and disadvantages are general tendencies associated with Extroverted Feeling as a cognitive function. The unique combination of an individual’s personality type and their overall development will influence how Extroverted Feeling manifests in their behavior and preferences.

Introverted Feeling (Fi) – MBTI Cognitive Function

Introverted Feeling (Fi) is one of the eight cognitive functions in the MBTI framework. Here are its properties, along with its advantages and disadvantages:

Properties of Introverted Feeling (Fi):

  • Orientation: Introverted
  • Function: Feeling (Assessing and evaluating personal values and emotions)
  • Focus: Internal values, personal authenticity, individual identity, subjective experience
  • Key Characteristics: Deeply connected to personal values, emphasis on authenticity and individuality, seeks inner harmony

Advantages of Introverted Feeling (Fi):

  1. Authenticity and Individuality: Fi users have a strong sense of their own values and beliefs, which guides their behavior and decision-making. They prioritize authenticity and strive to align their actions with their inner convictions. They are often deeply in touch with their personal identity and values.
  2. Empathy and Compassion: Fi users have a keen sense of empathy and compassion for others. They can understand and connect with others’ emotional experiences, as they draw from their own deep well of emotions and values. They often have a strong desire to support and uplift others.
  3. Inner Harmony and Integrity: Fi users seek inner harmony by ensuring that their actions and choices align with their personal values. They have a strong sense of integrity and are motivated to live in a way that is consistent with their deeply held beliefs. They strive for a sense of inner peace and congruence.
  4. Authentic Relationships: Fi users value relationships that are based on genuine connection and shared values. They seek deep connections with others who understand and appreciate their individuality. They are often skilled at recognizing and fostering authentic connections with like-minded individuals.

Disadvantages of Introverted Feeling (Fi):

  1. Inner Turmoil: Fi users may experience inner turmoil or intense emotional reactions when their values are compromised or when they perceive a conflict between their personal values and external expectations. They may struggle to navigate situations that require them to compromise their deeply held beliefs.
  2. Difficulty Expressing Emotions: Fi users may find it challenging to express their emotions verbally or explicitly. They may rely more on non-verbal cues or struggle to articulate their inner emotional experiences. This can sometimes lead to a sense of being misunderstood or difficulty in resolving conflicts through communication.
  3. Subjectivity and Bias: Due to the subjective nature of Fi, users may have a strong attachment to their own values and beliefs, which can lead to bias or a limited perspective. They may struggle to understand or appreciate perspectives that differ from their own deeply held convictions.
  4. Sensitivity to Criticism: Fi users can be sensitive to criticism that challenges their values or authenticity. They may take criticism personally and feel deeply hurt by it. They may need to develop resilience in managing criticism and differentiating between personal attacks and constructive feedback.

It’s important to note that these advantages and disadvantages are general tendencies associated with Introverted Feeling as a cognitive function. The unique combination of an individual’s personality type and their overall development will influence how Introverted Feeling manifests in their behavior and preferences.

MBTI Cognitive Function Stack

The MBTI (Myers-Briggs Type Indicator) cognitive function stack represents the hierarchy of the eight cognitive functions in the MBTI framework. Each individual has a preferred order or stack of these functions, which influences their personality type. Here is an overview of the MBTI cognitive function stack:

Dominant MBTI Cognitive Function (Primary Function):

The dominant function is the most influential and prominent function in an individual’s personality. It is the primary lens through which they perceive and interact with the world. The dominant function is typically the one individuals are most comfortable using and rely on the most.

Auxiliary MBTI Cognitive Function (Secondary Function):

The auxiliary function supports and complements the dominant function. It is usually well-developed and plays a significant role in an individual’s decision-making and problem-solving. The auxiliary function provides balance and acts as a support system for the dominant function.

Tertiary MBTI Cognitive Function:

The tertiary function is less developed compared to the dominant and auxiliary functions. It often emerges in a person’s consciousness during times of stress or when they are seeking alternative perspectives. While it is not as well-developed, the tertiary function can still provide valuable insights and play a role in decision-making.

Inferior MBTI Cognitive Function:

The inferior function is the least developed and conscious of the four primary functions. It tends to be less accessible and may manifest in a person’s behavior in an immature or undeveloped way. The inferior function may become more prominent during times of stress or when an individual is feeling overwhelmed.

Shadow MBTI Cognitive Functions:

Beyond the four primary functions, there are four shadow functions that represent the opposite preferences of the dominant, auxiliary, tertiary, and inferior functions. These shadow functions are less accessible and often less developed than the primary functions. They can still influence an individual’s behavior, particularly in times of extreme stress or when their usual ways of functioning are disrupted.

Following are the Shadow MBTI Cognitive Functions:

OpposingThe shadow function refers to the opposite orientation of the dominant function. As the primary mental energy is taken by the powerful dominant function, hence Opposing Function is mostly ignored by the individual. The individual stubbornly refuses to perform any mental activities related to this function. While it is typically unconscious, it can surface under certain circumstances, such as during moments of stress or when a person’s usual way of functioning is disrupted.
Critical ParentThe critical function, also known as the “critical parent,” is related to the individual’s auxiliary function but has a negative bias. It tends to be overly critical and judgmental, imposing unrealistic expectations and standards on oneself and others.
TricksterThe trickster function, also referred to as the “deceptive child,” is associated with the individual’s auxiliary function. It often presents itself in an immature or deceptive manner, leading to unrealistic expectations or misguided beliefs about its capabilities.
DaemonThis is the most undeveloped function in the MBTI Cognitive Stack. It can manifest in disruptive ways when individuals are under stress or when they are not able to effectively engage with this function.
Shadow MBTI Cognitive Functions

It’s important to note that the order and development of the cognitive function stack can vary depending on an individual’s personality type. Each of the 16 MBTI personality types has a unique arrangement of the eight functions, leading to different patterns of cognition and behavior. Understanding the cognitive function stack can provide insights into how individuals perceive information, make decisions, and interact with the world.

Overview of MBTI Cognitive Function Stack for each MBTI Type

The following is the MBTI Cognitive Function Stack for each of the MBTI types:

MBTI Personality TypeMBTI Cognitive Functions StackMBTI Type Description
ISTJSi-Te-Fi-NeISTJs are responsible, detail-oriented individuals who value tradition and stability. They rely on their senses to gather information, use logical analysis to make decisions, and prioritize personal values and internal feelings.
ISFJSi-Fe-Ti-NeISFJs are warm, nurturing individuals who are deeply committed to the well-being of others. They rely on their senses to gather information, prioritize harmony and social dynamics, use logic internally, and explore possibilities with openness.
INFJNi-Fe-Ti-SeINFJs are insightful and compassionate individuals who possess a deep understanding of human nature. They use intuition to perceive patterns and possibilities, prioritize harmony and social dynamics, use logic internally, and observe the world with openness.
INTJNi-Te-Fi-SeINTJs are strategic and analytical thinkers who have a strong vision for the future. They use intuition to perceive patterns and possibilities, rely on logic to make decisions, prioritize personal values and internal feelings, and observe the world with realism.
ISTPTi-Se-Ni-FeISTPs are independent and action-oriented individuals who enjoy exploring how things work. They prioritize internal logic, rely on their senses to gather information, use intuition to perceive patterns, and consider others’ feelings as secondary to their own pursuits.
ISFPFi-Se-Ni-TeISFPs are artistic and sensitive individuals who value personal authenticity and individuality. They prioritize internal values, rely on their senses to gather information, use intuition to perceive patterns, and use logic externally to make decisions.
INFPFi-Ne-Si-TeINFPs are idealistic and empathetic individuals who deeply value authenticity and personal values. They prioritize internal values, explore possibilities and patterns with intuition, rely on their senses for concrete information, and use logic externally to make decisions.
INTPTi-Ne-Si-FeINTPs are curious and logical thinkers who are driven by a desire to understand the underlying principles of the world. They prioritize internal logic, explore possibilities and patterns with intuition, rely on their senses for concrete information, and consider others’ feelings as secondary to their own pursuit of knowledge.
ESTPSe-Ti-Fe-NiESTPs are energetic and spontaneous individuals who enjoy engaging with the world around them. They rely on their senses to gather information, prioritize internal logic, consider others’ feelings in decision-making, and perceive patterns and possibilities with openness.
ESFPSe-Fi-Te-NiESFPs are outgoing and enthusiastic individuals who enjoy living in the present moment. They rely on their senses to gather information, prioritize personal values and authenticity, use logic externally to make decisions, and observe the world with realism.
ENFPNe-Fi-Te-SiENFPs are enthusiastic and creative individuals who value personal growth and connection with others. They explore possibilities and patterns with intuition, prioritize personal values and authenticity, use logic externally to make decisions, and rely on their senses for concrete information.
ENTPNe-Ti-Fe-SiENTPs are innovative and intellectually curious individuals who enjoy exploring new ideas and possibilities. They explore possibilities and patterns with intuition, prioritize internal logic, consider others’ feelings in decision-making, and rely on their senses for concrete information.
ESTJTe-Si-Ne-FiESTJs are practical and organized individuals who value efficiency and structure. They rely on logic to make decisions, use their senses to gather information, explore possibilities and patterns with openness, and consider personal values and internal feelings as secondary to practical considerations.
ESFJFe-Si-Ne-TiESFJs are warm and conscientious individuals who prioritize the well-being of others. They prioritize harmony and social dynamics, rely on their senses to gather information, explore possibilities and patterns with openness, and use logic internally to make decisions.
ENFJFe-Ni-Se-TiENFJs are charismatic and empathetic individuals who excel at understanding and connecting with others. They prioritize harmony and social dynamics, use intuition to perceive patterns and possibilities, rely on their senses for concrete information, and use logic internally to make decisions.
ENTJTe-Ni-Se-FiENTJs are assertive and visionary leaders who enjoy taking charge and executing their ideas. They prioritize logic in decision-making, use intuition to perceive patterns and possibilities, rely on their senses for concrete information, and consider personal values and internal feelings as secondary to practical considerations.
MBTI Cognitive Function Stack for each MBTI Personality Type

Conclusion

The MBTI Cognitive Functions form the hidden code that shapes our personalities. Understanding the MBTI cognitive functions is critical to undertake the journey of Personal Transformation using the science of Personality.

By understanding the intricate interplay of extraversion and introversion, thinking and feeling, intuition and sensing, we gain valuable insights into our natural inclinations and potential blind spots.

Armed with this self-awareness, we can embark on a journey of personal growth, leveraging the strengths of our dominant and auxiliary functions while cultivating balance within our entire cognitive function stack.

Each MBTI Cognitive function and type offers unique contributions, and it is in the integration and appreciation of these differences that we celebrate the richness of human experience.

May this understanding guide us towards self-acceptance, a deeper understanding of others, and a profound appreciation for the complexity of the human psyche.

By harnessing the power of our cognitive function stack, we can unlock the extraordinary potential within ourselves.

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About The Author

K. D. Singh

After graduating from IIT Kharagpur and IIM Lucknow – I have spent over 15 years in building a Balanced, Healthy & Productive Life using the power of Mind-Body Hacking Techniques.

KD Singh

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